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Louis de Broglie
""
Born 15 August 1892
"Dieppe, France
Died 19 March 1987 (aged 94)
"Louveciennes,[1] France
Nationality French
Alma mater "University of Paris
(ΒΑ in History, 1910; BA in Sciences, 1913; PhD in physics, 1924)
Known for Wave nature of "electrons
"De Broglie–Bohm theory
"de Broglie wavelength
Awards "Nobel Prize in Physics (1929)
"Kalinga Prize (1952)
Scientific career
Fields "Physics
Institutions "University of Paris (Sorbonne)
"Thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta("Research on Quantum Theory") (1924)
Doctoral students "Cécile DeWitt-Morette
"Bernard d'Espagnat
"Jean-Pierre Vigier
"Alexandru Proca
"Marie-Antoinette Tonnelat

Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond de Broglie (; French: [2][3] or  ("" listen); 15 August 1892 – 19 March 1987) was a French "physicist who made groundbreaking contributions to "quantum theory. In his 1924 PhD thesis he postulated the wave nature of "electrons and suggested that "all matter has wave properties. This concept is known as the de Broglie hypothesis, an example of "wave–particle duality, and forms a central part of the theory of "quantum mechanics.

De Broglie won the "Nobel Prize for Physics in 1929, after the wave-like behaviour of matter was "first experimentally demonstrated in 1927.

The 1925 "pilot-wave model,[4] and the wave-like behaviour of particles discovered by de Broglie was used by "Erwin Schrödinger in his formulation of "wave mechanics.[5] The pilot-wave model and interpretation was then abandoned, in favor of the "quantum formalism, until 1952 when it was "rediscovered and enhanced by David Bohm.[6]

Louis de Broglie was the sixteenth member elected to occupy "seat 1 of the "Académie française in 1944, and served as Perpetual Secretary of the "French Academy of Sciences.[7][8] De Broglie became the first high-level scientist to call for establishment of a multi-national laboratory, a proposal that led to the establishment of the European Organization for Nuclear Research ("CERN).[9]

## Biography

Louis de Broglie was born to a noble family in "Dieppe, Seine-Maritime, younger son of "Victor, 5th duc de Broglie. He became the 7th "duc de Broglie in 1960 upon the death without heir of his older brother, "Maurice, 6th duc de Broglie, also a physicist. He never married. When he died in "Louveciennes,[1] he was succeeded as "duke by a distant cousin, "Victor-François, 8th duc de Broglie.

De Broglie had intended a career in "humanities, and received his first degree in history. Afterwards, though, he turned his attention toward mathematics and physics and received a degree in physics. With the outbreak of the "First World War in 1914, he offered his services to the army in the development of radio communications.

His 1924 thesis Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Research on the Theory of the Quanta) introduced his theory of "electron waves. This included the "wave–particle duality theory of matter, based on the work of "Max Planck and "Albert Einstein on light. This research culminated in the "de Broglie hypothesis stating that any moving particle or object had an associated wave. De Broglie thus created a new field in physics, the mécanique ondulatoire, or wave mechanics, uniting the physics of energy (wave) and matter (particle). For this he won the "Nobel Prize in Physics in 1929.

In his later career, de Broglie worked to develop a "causal explanation of wave mechanics, in opposition to the wholly "probabilistic models which dominate "quantum mechanical theory; it was refined by "David Bohm in the 1950s. The theory has since been known as the "De Broglie–Bohm theory.

In addition to strictly scientific work, de Broglie thought and wrote about the "philosophy of science, including the value of modern scientific discoveries.

De Broglie became a member of the "Académie des sciences in 1933, and was the academy's perpetual secretary from 1942. He was asked to join Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Francais, but declined because he was non-religious and an atheist.[10][11] On 12 October 1944, he was elected to the "Académie française, replacing mathematician "Émile Picard. Because of the deaths and imprisonments of Académie members during the occupation and other effects of the war, the Académie was unable to meet the quorum of twenty members for his election; due to the exceptional circumstances, however, his unanimous election by the seventeen members present was accepted. In an event unique in the history of the Académie, he was received as a member by his own brother Maurice, who had been elected in 1934. "UNESCO awarded him the first "Kalinga Prize in 1952 for his work in popularizing scientific knowledge, and he was elected a Foreign Member of the "Royal Society on 23 April 1953.[12]

In 1961 he received the title of Knight of the Grand Cross in the "Légion d'honneur. De Broglie was awarded a post as counselor to the French High Commission of Atomic Energy in 1945 for his efforts to bring industry and science closer together. He established a center for applied mechanics at the "Henri Poincaré Institute, where research into optics, cybernetics, and atomic energy were carried out. He inspired the formation of the "International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science and was an early member.

## Important theories

### Double solution theory

In de Broglie's double solution theory there are two waves. There is the wave-function which is statistical, non-physical and is used to determine the probabilistic results of experiments. There is also a physical wave in the "sub-quantum medium" which guides the particle.[13][14]

### Matter and wave–particle duality

"The fundamental idea of [my 1924 thesis] was the following: The fact that, following "Einstein's introduction of "photons in light waves, one knew that light contains particles which are concentrations of energy incorporated into the wave, suggests that all particles, like the electron, must be transported by a wave into which it is incorporated... My essential idea was to extend to all particles the coexistence of waves and particles discovered by Einstein in 1905 in the case of light and photons." "With every particle of matter with mass m and velocity v a real wave must be 'associated'", related to the momentum by the equation:

${\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {h}{p}}={\frac {h}{{m}{v}}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}$

where ${\displaystyle \lambda }$ is the "wavelength, ${\displaystyle h}$ is the "Planck constant, ${\displaystyle p}$ is the "momentum, ${\displaystyle m}$ is the "rest mass, ${\displaystyle v}$ is the "velocity and ${\displaystyle c}$ is the "speed of light in a vacuum."

This theory set the basis of wave mechanics. It was supported by Einstein, confirmed by the "electron diffraction experiments of G P Thomson and Davisson and Germer, and generalized by the work of "Schrödinger.

However, this generalization was statistical and was not approved of by de Broglie, who said "that the particle must be the seat of an internal periodic movement and that it must move in a wave in order to remain in phase with it was ignored by the actual "physicists [who are] wrong to consider a wave propagation without localization of the particle, which was quite contrary to my original ideas."

From a philosophical viewpoint, this theory of matter-waves has contributed greatly to the ruin of the atomism of the past. Originally, de Broglie thought that real wave (i.e., having a direct physical interpretation) was associated with particles. In fact, the wave aspect of matter was formalized by a "wavefunction defined by the "Schrödinger equation, which is a pure mathematical entity having a probabilistic interpretation, without the support of real physical elements. This wavefunction gives an appearance of wave behavior to matter, without making real physical waves appear. However, until the end of his life de Broglie returned to a direct and real physical interpretation of matter-waves, following the work of "David Bohm. The "de Broglie–Bohm theory is today the only interpretation giving real status to matter-waves and representing the predictions of quantum theory.

### Conjecture of an internal clock of the electron

In his 1924 thesis, de Broglie conjectured that the electron has an internal clock that constitutes part of the mechanism by which a "pilot wave guides a particle.[15] Subsequently "David Hestenes has proposed a link to the "Zitterbewegung that was suggested by "Erwin Schrödinger.[16]

While attempts at verifying the internal clock hypothesis and measuring clock frequency are so far not conclusive,[17] recent experimental data is at least compatible with de Broglie's conjecture.[18]

### Non-nullity and variability of mass

According to de Broglie, the "neutrino and the "photon have rest masses that are non-zero, though very low. That a photon is not quite massless is imposed by the coherence of his theory. Incidentally, this rejection of the hypothesis of a massless photon enabled him to doubt the hypothesis of the expansion of the universe.

In addition, he believed that the true mass of particles is not constant, but variable, and that each particle can be represented as a "thermodynamic machine equivalent to a cyclic integral of action.

### Generalization of the principle of least action

In the second part of his 1924 thesis, de Broglie used the equivalence of the mechanical principle of least action with "Fermat's optical principle: "Fermat's principle applied to phase waves is identical to "Maupertuis' principle applied to the moving body; the possible dynamic trajectories of the moving body are identical to the possible rays of the wave." This equivalence had been pointed out by "Hamilton a century earlier, and published by him around 1830, in an era where no experience gave proof of the fundamental principles of physics being involved in the description of atomic phenomena.

Up to his final work, he appeared to be the physicist who most sought that dimension of action which "Max Planck, at the beginning of the 20th century, had shown to be the only universal unity (with his dimension of entropy).

### Duality of the laws of nature

Far from claiming to make "the contradiction disappear" which "Max Born thought could be achieved with a statistical approach, de Broglie extended wave–particle duality to all particles (and to crystals which revealed the effects of diffraction) and extended the principle of duality to the laws of nature.

His last work made a single system of laws from the two large systems of thermodynamics and of mechanics:

When "Boltzmann and his continuators developed their statistical interpretation of Thermodynamics, one could have considered Thermodynamics to be a complicated branch of Dynamics. But, with my actual ideas, it's Dynamics that appear to be a simplified branch of Thermodynamics. I think that, of all the ideas that I've introduced in quantum theory in these past years, it's that idea that is, by far, the most important and the most profound.

That idea seems to match the continuous–discontinuous duality, since its dynamics could be the limit of its thermodynamics when transitions to continuous limits are postulated. It is also close to that of "Leibniz, who posited the necessity of "architectonic principles" to complete the system of mechanical laws.

However, according to him, there is less duality, in the sense of opposition, than synthesis (one is the limit of the other) and the effort of synthesis is constant according to him, like in his first formula, in which the first member pertains to mechanics and the second to optics:

${\displaystyle mc^{2}=h\nu }$

### Neutrino theory of light

This theory, which dates from 1934, introduces the idea that the photon is equivalent to the fusion of two "Dirac "neutrinos.

It shows that the movement of the center of gravity of these two particles obeys the "Maxwell equations—that implies that the neutrino and the photon both have rest masses that are non-zero, though very low.

### Hidden thermodynamics

De Broglie's final idea was the hidden thermodynamics of isolated particles. It is an attempt to bring together the three furthest principles of physics: the principles of Fermat, Maupertuis, and "Carnot.

In this work, "action becomes a sort of opposite to "entropy, through an equation that relates the only two universal dimensions of the form:

${\displaystyle {{\text{action}} \over h}=-{{\text{entropy}} \over k}}$

As a consequence of its great impact, this theory brings back the "uncertainty principle to distances around extrema of action, distances corresponding to reductions in entropy.

## Publications

• Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Researches on the quantum theory), Thesis, Paris, 1924, Ann. de Physique (10) 3, 22 (1925).
• Introduction à la physique des rayons X et gamma (Introduction to physics of X-rays and Gamma-rays), with "Maurice de Broglie, Gauthier-Villars, 1928.
• Ondes et mouvements (Waves and Motions), Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1926.
• Rapport au 5ème Conseil de Physique Solvay (Report for the 5th Solvay Physics Congress), Brussels, 1927.
• La mécanique ondulatoire (Wave Mechanics), Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1928.
• Matière et lumière (Matter and Light), Paris: Albin Michel, 1937.
• La Physique nouvelle et les quanta (New Physics and Quanta), Flammarion, 1937.
• Continu et discontinu en physique moderne (Continuous and discontinuous in Modern Physics), Paris: Albin Michel, 1941.
• Ondes, corpuscules, mécanique ondulatoire (Waves, Corpuscles, Wave Mechanics), Paris: Albin Michel, 1945.
• Physique et microphysique (Physics and Microphysics), Albin Michel, 1947.
• Vie et œuvre de Paul Langevin (The life and works of "Paul Langevin), French Academy of Sciences, 1947.
• Optique électronique et corpusculaire (Electronic and Corpuscular Optics), Herman, 1950.
• Savants et découvertes (Scientists and discoveries), Paris, Albin Michel, 1951.
• Une tentative d'interprétation causale et non linéaire de la mécanique ondulatoire: la théorie de la double solution. Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1956.
• English translation: Non-linear Wave Mechanics: A Causal Interpretation. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1960.
• Nouvelles perspectives en microphysique (New prospects in Microphysics), Albin Michel, 1956.
• Sur les sentiers de la science (On the Paths of Science), Paris: Albin Michel, 1960.
• Introduction à la nouvelle théorie des particules de M. "Jean-Pierre Vigier et de ses collaborateurs, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1961. Paris: Albin Michel, 1960.
• English translation: Introduction to the Vigier Theory of elementary particles, Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1963.
• Étude critique des bases de l'interprétation actuelle de la mécanique ondulatoire, Paris: Gauthier-Villars, 1963.
• English translation: The Current Interpretation of Wave Mechanics: A Critical Study, Amsterdam, Elsevier, 1964.
• Certitudes et incertitudes de la science (Certitudes and Incertitudes of Science). Paris: Albin Michel, 1966.
• with Louis Armand, Pierre Henri Simon and others. "Einstein. Paris: Hachette, 1966.
• English translation: Einstein. Peebles Press, 1979.[19]
• Recherches d'un demi-siècle (Research of a half-century), Albin Michel, 1976.
• Les incertitudes d'Heisenberg et l'interprétation probabiliste de la mécanique ondulatoire ("Heisenberg uncertainty and wave mechanics probabilistic interpretation), Gauthier-Villars, 1982.

## References

1. ^ a b Leroy, Francis (2003). A Century of Nobel Prize Recipients: Chemistry, Physics, and Medicine (illustrated ed.). CRC Press. p. 141. "ISBN "0-8247-0876-8. Extract of page 141
2. ^ Léon Warnant (1987). Dictionnaire de la prononciation française dans sa norme actuelle (in French) (3rd ed.). Gembloux: J. Duculot, S. A. "ISBN "978-2-8011-0581-8.
3. ^ Jean-Marie Pierret (1994). Phonétique historique du français et notions de phonétique générale (in French). Louvain-la-Neuve: Peeters. p. 102. "ISBN "978-9-0683-1608-7.
4. ^ The final pilot-wave model was presented in "Solvay Conferences and later published, in "Ondes et mouvements" of 1926.
5. ^ Antony Valentini: On the Pilot-Wave Theory of Classical, Quantum and Subquantum Physics, Ph.D. Thesis, ISAS, Trieste 1992
6. ^ "de Broglie vs Bohm". Excerpts from 1960 book published by Elsevier Pub.Co. Retrieved 30 June 2015.
7. ^
8. ^ "History of International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science". IAQMS. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
9. ^ "Louis de Broglie". Soylent Communications. Retrieved 12 June 2015.
10. ^ Evans, James; Thorndike, Alan S. (2007). Quantum Mechanics at the Crossroads: New Perspectives From History, Philosophy And Physics. Springer. p. 71. "ISBN "9783540326632. Asked to join Le Conseil de l'Union Catholique des Scientifiques Français, Louis declined because, he said, he had ceased the religious practices of his youth.
11. ^ Kimball, John (2015). Physics Curiosities, Oddities, and Novelties. CRC Press. p. 323. "ISBN "978-1-4665-7636-0.
12. ^ a b "Abragam, A. (1988). "Louis Victor Pierre Raymond de Broglie. 15 August 1892-19 March 1987". "Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 34: 22–26. "doi:10.1098/rsbm.1988.0002. "JSTOR 770045.
13. ^ De Broglie, Louis (1972). "Interpretation of quantum mechanics by the double solution theory - Louis de BROGLIE" (PDF).
14. ^ De Broglie, Louis (1960). "NON-LINEAR WAVE MECHANICS A CAUSAL INTERPRETATION by LOUIS DE BROGLIE".
15. ^ See for example the description of de Broglie's view in: David Bohm, Basil Hiley: The de Broglie pilot wave theory and the further development and new insights arising out of it, Foundations of Physics, volume 12, number 10, 1982, Appendix: On the background of the papers on trajectories interpretation, by D. Bohm, (PDF Archived 19 August 2011 at the "Wayback Machine.)
16. ^ D. Hestenes, October 1990, The Zitterbewegung interpretation of quantum mechanics, Foundations of Physics, vol. 20, no. 10, pp. 1213–1232
17. ^ See for example G.R. Osche, Electron channeling resonance and de Broglie's internal clock, Annales de la Fondation Louis de Broglie, vol. 36, 2001, pp. 61–71 (full text)
18. ^ Catillon, Foundations of Physics, July 2001, vol. 38, no. 7, pp. 659–664
19. ^ "Review of Einstein by Louis de Broglie and others". Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists. 36 (3): 50. March 1980.
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